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[1,"What is metabolism?","The totality of an organism’s chemical reactions","Only digestion reactions","Only energy-releasing reactions","Only reactions using ATP"]
[2,"Metabolism is an emergent property arising from","Orderly interactions between molecules","Random reactions","Cell division","Protein folding"]
[3,"The first law of thermodynamics states that","Energy cannot be created or destroyed","Energy is always lost as heat","Entropy decreases","Cells create energy"]
[4,"The second law of thermodynamics states that","Energy transfers increase entropy","Energy is recycled completely","Entropy decreases in cells","Heat is fully usable"]
[5,"Entropy is best defined as","A measure of disorder","Total energy","Temperature change","ATP concentration"]
[6,"A spontaneous process is one that","Increases entropy","Needs ATP","Is fast","Occurs only in cells"]
[7,"What is a metabolic pathway?","A series of chemical reactions","A single reaction","A random reaction","A reaction without enzymes"]
[8,"Each step in a metabolic pathway is catalyzed by","A specific enzyme","ATP directly","Heat","Any protein"]
[9,"Catabolic pathways function to","Break down complex molecules","Build complex molecules","Store energy only","Reduce entropy"]
[10,"Cellular respiration is an example of","A catabolic pathway","An anabolic pathway","Mechanical work","Transport work"]
[11,"Anabolic pathways function to","Build complex molecules","Break down glucose","Release energy","Increase disorder only"]
[12,"Another term for anabolic pathways is","Biosynthetic pathways","Degradative pathways","Exergonic pathways","Catabolic pathways"]
[13,"Energy released from catabolic pathways is used to","Drive anabolic pathways","Decrease entropy","Destroy ATP","Stop metabolism"]
[14,"Bioenergetics is the study of","Energy flow through living organisms","Protein synthesis","Cell division only","Membrane transport"]
[15,"Energy is defined as","The capacity to cause change","Stored ATP only","Heat only","Motion only"]
[16,"Kinetic energy is energy of","Motion","Structure","Location","Chemical bonds"]
[17,"Thermal energy is related to","Random motion of particles","Ordered motion only","Potential energy","Chemical bonds"]
[18,"Potential energy is energy due to","Location or structure","Motion","Heat","Random movement"]
[19,"Chemical energy is a type of","Potential energy","Kinetic energy","Thermal energy","Mechanical energy"]
[20,"Thermodynamics is the study of","Energy transformations","Cell division","Protein folding","DNA replication"]
[21,"A system is defined as","Matter under study","The entire universe","Only living cells","Only nonliving matter"]
[22,"An isolated system can exchange","Neither energy nor matter","Only energy","Only matter","Both energy and matter"]
[23,"An open system can exchange","Both energy and matter","Neither energy nor matter","Only energy","Only matter"]
[24,"The universe consists of","System and surroundings","Only systems","Only surroundings","Only cells"]
[25,"The first law of thermodynamics is also known as","Conservation of energy","Law of entropy","Law of equilibrium","Law of metabolism"]
[26,"The second law explains why","Energy conversions are inefficient","Energy is destroyed","Entropy decreases","ATP is unlimited"]
[27,"Heat is energy associated with","Random molecular motion","Ordered motion only","Chemical bonds only","Cell structure"]
[28,"Free energy is the energy available to","Do work","Increase entropy only","Be stored permanently","Destroy heat"]
[29,"ΔG represents","Change in free energy","Change in entropy","Change in heat","Change in motion"]
[30,"The equation for free energy change is","ΔG = ΔH − TΔS","ΔG = TΔS − ΔH","ΔG = ΔH + TΔS","ΔG = ΔS − TΔH"]
[31,"ΔH represents","Change in enthalpy","Change in entropy","Change in free energy","Change in temperature"]
[32,"ΔS represents","Change in entropy","Change in enthalpy","Change in heat","Change in ATP"]
[33,"A reaction with negative ΔG is","Spontaneous","Nonspontaneous","At equilibrium","Endergonic"]
[34,"A reaction with positive ΔG is","Endergonic","Spontaneous","Exergonic","At equilibrium"]
[35,"Exergonic reactions","Release free energy","Absorb free energy","Require ATP","Are never spontaneous"]
[36,"Endergonic reactions","Absorb free energy","Release free energy","Are spontaneous","Increase entropy"]
[37,"At equilibrium"," free energy is","At minimum","At maximum","Increasing"]
[38,"At equilibrium"," a system can do","No work","Maximum work","Infinite work"]
[39,"Systems move spontaneously toward","Equilibrium","Instability","Higher free energy","Lower entropy"]
[40,"Living cells are never at equilibrium because","They are open systems","They lack enzymes","They lack ATP","They lack entropy"]
[41,"ATP powers cellular work by","Coupling exergonic to endergonic reactions","Increasing entropy only","Producing heat only","Destroying enzymes"]
[42,"Energy coupling allows","Unfavorable reactions to occur","Only spontaneous reactions","ATP destruction","Heat loss"]
[43,"Chemical work involves","Pushing endergonic reactions","Moving substances","Beating cilia","Heat transfer"]
[44,"Transport work involves","Pumping substances across membranes","Protein synthesis","Muscle contraction","Heat release"]
[45,"Mechanical work involves","Movement such as beating of cilia","ATP synthesis","Diffusion","Protein folding"]
[46,"ATP hydrolysis is","Exergonic","Endergonic","At equilibrium","Nonspontaneous"]
[47,"ATP consists of","Adenine ribose and three phosphates","Glucose only","Two phosphates only","Amino acids"]
[48,"Energy is released from ATP when","A phosphate bond is broken","Adenine is removed","Ribose is broken","ATP is formed"]
[49,"Catabolic reactions generally have","Negative ΔG","Positive ΔG","Zero ΔG","No energy change"]
[50,"Anabolic reactions generally have","Positive ΔG","Negative ΔG","Zero ΔG","No ATP use"]
[51,"Entropy of the universe tends to","Increase","Decrease","Stay constant","Disappear"]
[52,"Order can increase in cells because","Cells use energy","Entropy is destroyed","Second law is violated","Heat is eliminated"]
[53,"Simple molecules forming complex ones is an example of","Anabolism","Catabolism","Diffusion","Equilibrium"]
[54,"Glucose breakdown releases energy because","Products have less free energy","Entropy decreases","ATP is destroyed","Heat is removed"]
[55,"Energy lost as heat during reactions","Increases entropy","Decreases entropy","Does useful work","Is fully recycled"]
[56,"Metabolic pathways are regulated to","Balance supply and demand","Stop reactions completely","Increase entropy only","Waste energy"]
[57,"Enzymes affect reactions by","Lowering activation energy","Changing ΔG","Increasing entropy","Providing ATP"]
[58,"Spontaneous reactions","Do not require added energy","Always occur quickly","Never need enzymes","Only occur in cells"]
[59,"A cell doing work must be","Away from equilibrium","At equilibrium","Closed system","Isolated system"]
[60,"Life maintains order by","Increasing entropy of surroundings","Reducing total entropy","Stopping heat loss","Destroying energy"]