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[1,"o","o","o","o","o"]
[2,"The plasma membrane is best described as","A fluid mosaic","Completely rigid","Made only of protein","A solid wall"]
[3,"Phospholipids are arranged in a bilayer because they are","Amphipathic","Nonpolar","Fully hydrophilic","Ionic"]
[4,"The hydrophilic part of a phospholipid is the","Phosphate head","Fatty acid tail","Steroid ring","Glycerol backbone"]
[5,"The hydrophobic region of a phospholipid is the","Fatty acid tails","Phosphate group","Protein channel","Carbohydrate chain"]
[6,"Membrane fluidity is most affected by","Temperature and lipid composition","Cell size","pH only","ATP concentration"]
[7,"Cholesterol functions in membranes by","Maintaining fluidity","Providing energy","Transporting ions","Acting as enzyme"]
[8,"Integral membrane proteins are","Embedded in the lipid bilayer","Loosely attached to surface","Carbohydrates only","Free in cytosol"]
[9,"Peripheral membrane proteins are","Attached to membrane surface","Embedded deeply in bilayer","Lipids only","Transport channels"]
[10,"Membrane carbohydrates are mainly involved in","Cell recognition","Energy storage","Protein folding","ATP synthesis"]
[11,"Glycoproteins are proteins with","Carbohydrate chains attached","Phosphate groups only","Lipid tails only","Metal ions"]
[12,"Selective permeability means membranes","Allow some substances to pass","Block all substances","Allow everything freely","Are impermeable"]
[13,"Small nonpolar molecules cross membranes by","Simple diffusion","Active transport","Endocytosis","Facilitated transport"]
[14,"Diffusion is the movement of molecules","From high to low concentration","From low to high concentration","Using ATP","Against gradient"]
[15,"Passive transport requires","No cellular energy","ATP hydrolysis","Protein pumps","Vesicles"]
[16,"Facilitated diffusion requires","A transport protein","ATP","Low temperature","Vesicles"]
[17,"Transport proteins include","Channels and carriers","Only enzymes","Only lipids","Only carbohydrates"]
[18,"Ion channels are proteins that","Allow ions to diffuse across membranes","Use ATP directly","Move glucose only","Block all ions"]
[19,"Aquaporins specifically transport","Water","Glucose","Sodium ions","Proteins"]
[20,"Osmosis is the diffusion of","Water across a membrane","Solutes only","Proteins only","Ions only"]
[21,"A hypertonic solution causes a cell to","Lose water","Swell","Burst","Remain unchanged"]
[22,"A hypotonic solution causes a cell to","Gain water","Shrink","Stay unchanged","Lose solute"]
[23,"An isotonic solution causes a cell to","Remain the same size","Burst","Shrink","Die"]
[24,"Turgid plant cells are in a","Hypotonic environment","Hypertonic solution","Isotonic solution","Vacuum"]
[25,"Plasmolysis occurs when a plant cell is in a","Hypertonic solution","Hypotonic solution","Isotonic solution","Distilled water"]
[26,"Active transport moves substances","Against their concentration gradient","Down gradient","Without proteins","By diffusion"]
[27,"Active transport requires","ATP","No energy","High temperature","Diffusion"]
[28,"The sodium-potassium pump moves ions by","Active transport","Facilitated diffusion","Osmosis","Simple diffusion"]
[29,"Endocytosis is the process of","Taking material into the cell","Releasing material out","Diffusion of water","Protein synthesis"]
[30,"Exocytosis involves","Secretion of substances from the cell","Engulfing solids","Diffusion of ions","ATP synthesis"]
[31,"Phagocytosis is a type of","Endocytosis","Exocytosis","Diffusion","Osmosis"]
[32,"Pinocytosis involves uptake of","Extracellular fluid","Large particles","Ions only","Proteins only"]
[33,"Receptor-mediated endocytosis requires","Specific receptors","ATP only","Different membranes","Diffusion"]
[34,"Membrane potential is caused by","Unequal ion distribution","Equal ion concentration","Protein synthesis","Water diffusion"]
[35,"Electrochemical gradient combines","Concentration and electrical gradients","Temperature and pH","Energy and mass","Pressure and heat"]
[36,"Proton pumps contribute to","Electrochemical gradients","Protein folding","Membrane synthesis","Diffusion"]
[37,"Membrane fluidity increases when","Temperature increases","Temperature decreases","Cholesterol increases only","Proteins increase"]
[38,"Unsaturated fatty acids make membranes","More fluid","Less fluid","Rigid","Impermeable"]
[39,"Saturated fatty acids make membranes","Less fluid","More fluid","More permeable","Unstable"]
[40,"Transport proteins are specific because","They bind specific molecules","They bind everything","They use ATP","They are lipids"]
[41,"Metabolism is defined as","The totality of chemical reactions","Only digestion","Only respiration","Only ATP use"]
[42,"Metabolism arises from","Orderly molecular interactions","Random collisions","Cell division","Protein folding"]
[43,"The first law of thermodynamics states","Energy cannot be created or destroyed","Energy is destroyed","Entropy decreases","Cells make energy"]
[44,"The second law of thermodynamics states","Energy transfers increase entropy","Energy is fully recycled","Entropy decreases","Heat is usable"]
[45,"Entropy is a measure of","Disorder","Energy","Temperature","Mass"]
[46,"A spontaneous process is one that","Increases entropy","Requires ATP","Is fast","Needs enzymes"]
[47,"Metabolic pathways consist of","A series of reactions","Single reactions","Random reactions","Uncatalyzed reactions"]
[48,"Each step in a pathway is catalyzed by","A specific enzyme","ATP directly","Heat","Any protein"]
[49,"Catabolic pathways","Break down molecules","Build molecules","Store energy","Reduce entropy"]
[50,"Cellular respiration is","A catabolic pathway","Anabolic pathway","Mechanical work","Transport work"]
[51,"Anabolic pathways","Build complex molecules","Break down glucose","Release energy","Increase disorder only"]
[52,"Biosynthetic pathways are","Anabolic pathways","Catabolic pathways","Exergonic only","Passive"]
[53,"Energy from catabolism is used to","Drive anabolism","Stop metabolism","Destroy ATP","Increase entropy only"]
[54,"Bioenergetics studies","Energy flow in organisms","Protein folding","DNA replication","Cell division"]
[55,"Energy is the capacity to","Cause change","Store mass","Increase entropy","Make ATP"]
[56,"Kinetic energy is energy of","Motion","Structure","Heat","Bonds"]
[57,"Thermal energy is related to","Random particle motion","Order only","Structure only","ATP"]
[58,"Potential energy depends on","Location or structure","Motion","Heat","Speed"]
[59,"Chemical energy is a form of","Potential energy","Kinetic energy","Thermal energy","Mechanical energy"]
[60,"Free energy is energy available to","Do work","Increase entropy only","Be stored forever","Destroy heat"]
[61,"ΔG represents","Change in free energy","Change in entropy","Change in heat","Change in motion"]
[62,"ΔG = ΔH − TΔS describes","Free energy change","Entropy change","Enthalpy change","Heat loss"]
[63,"Negative ΔG indicates","A spontaneous reaction","An endergonic reaction","Equilibrium","Nonspontaneous"]
[64,"Positive ΔG indicates","An endergonic reaction","Spontaneous reaction","Exergonic reaction","Equilibrium"]
[65,"Exergonic reactions","Release free energy","Absorb free energy","Require ATP","Are never spontaneous"]
[66,"Endergonic reactions","Absorb free energy","Release free energy","Occur spontaneously","Lower entropy"]
[67,"At equilibrium"," free energy is","At minimum","At maximum","Increasing"]
[68,"Systems move spontaneously toward","Equilibrium","Instability","Higher free energy","Lower entropy"]
[69,"Living cells avoid equilibrium because","They are open systems","They lack enzymes","They lack ATP","They violate laws"]
[70,"ATP couples reactions by","Linking exergonic to endergonic","Destroying enzymes","Increasing entropy only","Stopping heat loss"]
[71,"Chemical work involves","Driving endergonic reactions","Diffusion","Heat loss","Equilibrium"]
[72,"Transport work involves","Moving substances across membranes","Protein synthesis","Cilia movement","Heat release"]
[73,"Mechanical work involves","Movement like cilia beating","Diffusion","ATP synthesis","Protein folding"]
[74,"ATP hydrolysis is","Exergonic","Endergonic","At equilibrium","Nonspontaneous"]
[75,"ATP releases energy when","A phosphate bond breaks","Adenine breaks","Ribose breaks","ATP forms"]
[76,"Entropy of the universe","Tends to increase","Tends to decrease","Stays constant","Disappears"]
[77,"Order in cells is maintained by","Energy input","Entropy destruction","Heat elimination","Equilibrium"]